Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library:

Image Credit: www.keralatourism.org

• The Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library is in the University of Kerala.
• It is one of the leading centres of Indological Studies in India.
• It is located in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum).
• It does research in fields connected with manuscripts.
• The department is microfilming the manuscripts of certain technical subjects.
• Ayilyam Thiruanl, Maharaja of Travancore ordered to collect all manuscripts in the state so as to be kept in the safe custody of the Palace Library.
• During early nineteen hundred Swathi Thirunal Maharaja, King of Travancore, published many of the manuscripts in the Palace Library and the manuscripts collection of ancient families.
• The Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library has over 70,000 works in 30,000 copies mainly of palm leaf manuscripts alogwith paper manuscripts, copper plates, writings on Bhurjapatra (birch bark), Agarutvak (the bark of Aquilaria malaccensis) and textiles etc.
• The manuscript collection also includes those belonging to other different Indian states and nations such as Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nepal etc.
• About eighty per cent of the collections are in Sanskrit.
• The manuscript collection of this department is an invaluable source for the study of ancient scripts as Grantha, Vattezhuttu, Sarada, Nandinagari, Grantha Tamil etc.
• The initial moulds of scripts of modern Indian languages like Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Oriya, Assamese and Burmese are also found.
• In 1908 T. Ganapati Sastri became the curator of this library.
• Sambasiva Sastri succeeded Ganapati Sastri as the curator of this library.
• Sambasiva Sastri wrote Citrabhyudaya Kavya about Travancore king.

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Bundi Utsav

In this article you are going to gram information about "Bundi Utsav" which is organised at Bundi, Dist. Hadoti of Rajasthan state of India. This festival mostly occurs in month of November every year. It is one of the important festivals of India and Rajasthan.

The program

As you heard name Utsav in India - this denotes some kind of social gathering of people at some holy place. As huge number of footsteps come to that place so market is ready for all the visitors. In this event you can shop for mix traditional art, Rajasthani royalty, handicrafts, attires, and home decors etc. During two days of this fair as like other fairs events like music, dance, sports and competitions are also become part of attraction for the tourists - specially for foreigners.

Rajasthan State Tourism Department organizes the this fair. The program includes a colorful Shobha Yatra, Arts & Crafts Fair, Ethnic Sports, Cultural exhibition, Lighting diyas and Classical Music & Dance Program, Sight Seeing, Traditional Rural Sports, Turban competition, Bridal Clothing, Musical Band Competition, Folk and Classical Music & Dance program, & sparkling fireworks display etc.

Image Credit: Rajasthan Direct

Tradition and spirituality

This fair is held at Bundi town in the Hindu month Kartik - in November month as per English calendar. It is a two-day fair organised after Kartik Purnima. Early in the morning after Kartik full moon day all the devotees get ready in colourful traditional dresses and light up diyas (lamps) made up of flour dough. The diyas are lighten at the banks of river Chambal at a place known as Keshoraipatan.

Bundi

Bundi is one of the most beautiful locations of the Hadoti district in Rajasthan. The palaces and forts of Bundi are the nice examples of Rajasthani construction art. The town is surrounded by rock gorges. Chambal river is perfect location for water activities. Also widespread jungles and wildlife make the place full of nature and adventurous. Bundi is famous for paintings at Chitrashala across the world.

How to reach?

Before planning any trip you should know how to reach that place. Bundi is well connected by roads to major Rajasthani cities like Kota, Sawai Madhopur and Jaipur. From Jaipur it is at 210 km by road. Nearest railway station is Kota which is on Delhi-Mumbai broad gauge rail track. Jaipur is nearest airport. Domestic and international flights are available to and from Jaipur.

Map Credit: Google map

Thanks for reading till the end. You may also like to read about Pushkar Camel Mela and more about Hindustan. All readers are requested to comment their opinion and special requests about some place in India in comment section below. The articles accordingly will be published shortly.

Pushkar Camel Mela

Pushkar is one the towns of Rajasthan, India. In this article you are going to read about the Kartik Mela held every year in the month of November every year especially after Dipawali.

Different names and information

Pushkar fair, Pushkar camel fair, Kartik Mela or Pushkar ka mela. It is annual multi day livestock (camels) fair and cultural treat is also part of this. This fair starts with Hindu solar month of Kartik and ends on Kartik Pournima - full moon day of Kartik month. As per christian calendar the fair overlaps October - November of every year. It is one of the largest cattle fair in India which leads to treading of camels, horses and other domestic cattle. During this fair as per Hindu belief bath in Pushkar lake is the ritual of getting rid on all bad things. Along with cooler atmosphere the fair has attractions of competitions like cattle races, tug of war, matki phod, dance competitions, longest mustache, bridal competition, and much more showing the cultural shades of Rajasthan. From Kartik Ekadashi (Devuthani Ekadashi) to Kartik Purnima are the peak celebration days. Many Hindus come to Pushkar to bath in Pushkar lake and worship Lord Bramha in temple. This fair is worlds largest camel trading fair.

Image credit: Maps of India

Geography of Pushkar

Pushkar is center-east part of Rajasthan. Aravali mountains are on the east side of the Pushkar. Sanganer airport, Jaipur is the nearest one at 146km. Reaching Jaipur by air or train is quite easy. Ajmer at 10km from Pushkar is nearest railway station.

Other attractions

If you want to attend Pushkar fair then you will enjoy a stay in old school camp type tents. These camps are having variety of non-luxury to high-luxury package. You can book these tents from your favorite travel website. 

You can enjoy most entertaining compositions, also watch and listen to India's famous fusion bands. Sunset safari is its kind of experience in Rajasthan.

At Shiplgram Handicraft Bazar you can shop for many accessories and other decorative things with a taste of Rajasthani culture.

Hot air balloon flight will give you pleasure of watching the aerial view of the fair. The booking can be done on the spot or advance booking is also available with your travel agent.

History

The term 'Pushkar' literally means 'to be born due to a flower'. It is stated in the Hindu mythology that once the deities released a swan with a lotus flower in its beak and made it drop on earth where god Brahma performed a huge yagna. The place where the lotus fell came to be known as Pushkar. 

Map Credit: Google maps.

Thanks for reading till the end. I hope this has given you pretty much knowledge. Other articles about Hindustan are also on this blog. You can read them also. Please comment any opinion below. If you want to know more about some other place in India then you can tell me about that in comment section. The requested subject article will be published in your service shortly.

Kolayat Fair

Introduction

Rajasthan is the perfect blend of tradition and modernity. The world class hotels reflect modern luxury whereas the historical tourist spots symbols of rich history of the place. In any state of India attending a fair is equally a short study tour of the culture of that area. The Kolayat Fair is one of the most famous festivals of Rajasthan. It is held in Kolayat, Dist. Bikaner and a large number of visitors from different parts of the world experience it. This fair is organised on the occasion of Kartik Pournima.

Image Credit: Astrosage

Kolayat

The historical significance of the place lures a large number of tourists. As history says, the place of Kolayat is also regarded as Kapilayatan. Moreover, these names are also found in the holy scriptures of Puranas. Kapil Muni meditated here for redemption of mankind here on shores of Kolayat lake. Kolayat lake never gets dry.

Kolayat is situated in an arid area (area which is being without moisture; extremely dry). There are many banyan trees around the Kolayat lake which is having 52 well constructed bathing areas called ghats. Visiting Kolayat has been considered to be a 'tirtha' or pilgrimage of great importance and it is believed that one day's stay at Kolayat benefits as much as 10 years spent at any other sacred place.

How to reach?

Kolayat is about 50km from Bikaner in the southwest area and well connected to the road. Nearest airports are Jodhpur airport and Sanganer airport, Jaipur respectively at 143km and 296km of distance. Also Kolayat is a having a railway station coded as KLYT which is well connected to the Jaisalmer, Lalgarh and Bikaner.

Beauty of the fair

The Kolayat Fair of Bikaner is also known as ‘Kapil Muni Fair’ and is greatly important for the people of Bikaner. They eagerly wait for this fair throughout the year. It has a great religious significance. A large number of devotees also visit the fair to take a holy dip in the Kolayat Lake. It is believed that a holy dip can provide them respite from all the sins they have done.

During the Kolayat Fair all the 52 ghats (bathing places constructed along banks of a water body) of Kolayat lake are beautifully decorated. Attractive lights impart a great look to these ghats. One ghat known as Kapil Muni ghat is dedicated to Sage Kapil and there is a marble statue of the saint. Some of the ghats are only reserved for women. All the ghats are having temples. On visiting the fair, you will also be able to witness the various rituals performed by the devotees. These devotees also offer prayers along with sweetmeats, milk pudding and sugar drops to the deity. All the devotees gather at a common point and leave oil lamps to float in the calm waters of the lake. It will be a great sight for the tourists to see hundreds of lighted lamps floating in the water of the lake.

Konark GK notes

Hello friends in this blog you are going to read about Konark.

1. Konark is a medium town in the Puri district in the state of Odisha, India.

2. It lies on the coast by the Bay of Bengal, 60 kilometres from the capital of the state, Bhubaneswar.

3. It is the site of the 13th-century Sun Temple, also known as the Black Pagoda, built in black granite during the reign of Narasimhadeva-I.

4. The temple is a World Heritage Site.

5. The temple is now mostly in ruins, and a collection of its sculptures is housed in the Sun Temple Museum, which is run by the Archaeological Survey of India.

 

6. Konark is also home to an annual dance festival called Konark Dance Festival, devoted to classical Indian dance forms, including the traditional classical dance of Odisha, Odissi.

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CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR WOMEN IN INDIA

The Constitution of India not only grants equality to women but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women for neutralizing the cumulative socio economic, education and political disadvantages faced by them. Fundamental Rights, among others, ensure equality before the law and equal protection of law; prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, and guarantee equality of opportunity to all citizens in matters relating to employment.

Articles 14, 15, 15(3), 16, 39(a), 39(b), 39(c) and 42 of the Constitution are of specific importance in this regard.

Image credit: feminisminindia.com

Constitutional Privileges

(i) Equality before law for women (Article 14)

(ii) The State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them (Article 15 (i))

(iii) The State to make any special provision in favour of women and children (Article 15 (3))

(iv) Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State (Article 16)

(v) The State to direct its policy towards securing for men and women equally the right to an adequate means of livelihood (Article 39(a)); and equal pay for equal work for both men and women (Article 39(d))

(vi) To promote justice, on a basis of equal opportunity and to provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or scheme or in any other way to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities (Article 39 A)

(vii) The State to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief (Article 42)

(viii) The State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation (Article 46)

(ix) The State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people (Article 47)

(x) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women (Article 51(A) (e))

(xi) Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Panchayat to be reserved for women and such seats to be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Panchayat (Article 243 D(3))

(xii) Not less than one- third of the total number of offices of Chairpersons in the Panchayats at each level to be reserved for women (Article 243 D (4))

(xiii) Not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in every Municipality to be reserved for women and such seats to be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Municipality (Article 243 T (3))

(xiv) Reservation of offices of Chairpersons in Municipalities for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and women in such manner as the legislature of a State may by law provide (Article 243 T (4))

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Current affairs- 21 May 2020 part-1

Hello friends in this article you are going to read some current affairs.

1. World bee day is celebrated on 20 May of every year and the theme of this year 2020 is 'save the bees'. As the bees do a lot of pollination in plants and without them we can not live, if we don't have bees we would be not in existence. It also celebrated as the birthday of Anton Jansa, he is the founder of Modern bee farming or apiculture.

2. World Metrology day is also celebrated on 20 May.

3. India has been chosen for W.H.O's administrative board, beside India many other countries are chosen too, like- Cambodia, United Kingdom,  Russia and Madagascar. 

4. Ladakh is declared the corona-free as there are no corona positive cases there from 3 May.

5. Goa is the first state to be declared corona free.

6. Govind Rajulu Chintala has been declared the manager of NABARD bank. (NABARD- National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Established- 1982, Head office- Mumbai).

7. Lesotho's prime minister Thomas Thabane has given resignation to their post, Lesotho is an Africa country in side of South Africa. 

8. Punjab (Capital- Chandigarh, CM- Amarindra Singh, Governor- VP Singh Bandore)  government has started RTI helpline numbers to solve the pending RTI cases in the state.

9. China has declared to help W.H.O. with 2 billion dollars. (Capital- Beijing, Currency- Renminbi is the official currency but generally yuan is more popular, Prime minister-  Li Keqiang.)

10. China has launched long Mark 8 Rocket and has made a digital currency. China has named its marx mission as 'Tianwen 1'

11. India has got the area of  'Kalapani' near the India-Nepal border. Kalapani is in Uttarakhand. (Nepal- Capital- Kathmandu, Currency- Nepalese rupee, president- B.D. Bandari, PM- KP Shrama Oli).

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Madhya Pradesh current affairs 20 May 2020

Hello friends in this blog you are going to read about  Madhya Pradesh a state of India.

1. Madhya Pradesh that cancelled the board exams of class 10th.

2. Madhya Pradesh (Capital- Bhaopal, CM- Shivraj Singh Chauhan, Governor- Lalji Tandon), has the most numbers of tigers in India, Karnataka is second  and Uttarakhand is  third.

3. Madhya Pradesh has started the following programs-

i) Jivan-Amrit Yojana- to boost immunity.

ii) Jivan-Shakti Yojana- In this program the women make masks and sell them at Rs. 11 per mask.

iii) Sankroop Yojana (Umariya Jilla)- This program is made for help of old people.

4. It has also made the app 'Top parent' for education of children.

5. It is also the first state to distribute the Mid-day meal food items to people.

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Current affairs- 20 May 2020

Hello friends in this article you are going to read about some current affairs from 20 May 2020.

1. After PM Narendra Modi (PM of India) gives the idea of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat', which means to use the things which are made in India, and not from other country and try to do our work by ourselves. For this 20 Lakh Crore (2,000,000 crore), so to promote it 211 singers composed and sung the song 'Jayatu-Jayatu Bharatam'. In this song famous singers like Lata Mangeshkar also sung the song.

2. Because of Covid-19, the schools are closed, so a program is launched 'PM E-Vidya', here 100 universities from India are chosen. There are channels for each classes, there are 12 channels for classes 1-12, each class having different channel, it would help in the education of children and promote online study.

3. Because Covid-19 can also spread from infected person's saliva, the International Cricket Council (ICC) has banned the use of saliva and sweat to shine the ball for better grip.

4. Alibaba's founder Jack Ma has given resignation to Softbank's boards (Established- 1981, Head office- Tokyo, current CEO- Masayoshi Son).

5. Ratnakar Matkari was a Marathi writer who died on 17 May 2020.

6. After Covid-19 Bundesliga football league is the first sports championship.

7. In W.H.O's 73rd meeting Dr. Harshwardhan Singh, participated from India, this was done by video conference.

8. China funded W.H.O with 30 million US dollars.

 

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Indian Cricket Council

Hello friends in this blog you are going to read about ICC.

1. ICC or International Cricket council is the main body of cricket, it is the governing body of cricket.

2. It was founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from Australia, England and South Africa.

3. It was renamed as the International Cricket Conference in 1965, and took up its current name in 1989.

4. The ICC has 104 member nations currently: 12 Full Members that play Test matches, and 92 Associate Members.

5. The ICC is responsible for the organisation and governance of cricket's major international tournaments, most notably the Cricket World Cup and ICC T20 World Cup.

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कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील

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image credit: eSakal

ज्ञानाचा दिवा महाराष्ट्रातल्या मनामनात पेटवणार लोकांच्या मनात स्वाभिमान रुजवणारा देव दगडात नसतो माणसात असतो हे हेरून इथल्या माणसांमध्ये माणुसकी पेरणारा “लोकमहर्षी”, “शिक्षणमहर्षी” म्हणजेच “कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील”.

बहुजनांच्या मुलांमध्ये शिक्षण प्रसार करणारा देवमाणूस कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील. आताचे सगळे “शिक्षणसम्राट” आहेत पण खऱ्या अर्थाने “शिक्षणमहर्षी” असणारे कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील.

एकवेळ जन्मदात्या बापाचे नाव बदलीन पण वसतीगृहाला दिलेलं “शिवाजी महाराजांचं” नाव नाही बदलणार अस छातीठोक पणे सांगणारे “कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील”.

ग्रामीण भागातील शिक्षणाची गरज 100 वर्षांपूर्वीच ओळखणारा शिक्षणमहर्षी. ग्रामीण शिक्षण चळवळीचे जनक म्हणजेच “कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील. लोकशाहीचा मुळगाभा लोकशिक्षण हे आहे आणि हे लोकशिक्षण समाजाला विकासाकडे नेते हे कर्मवीरांनी ज्ञात होत म्हणून अनवाणी पायांनी वणवण करून अवघा महाराष्ट्र पिंजून काढून शिक्षणाची गंगा बहुजनांच्या झोपडी झोपडीत आणि झोपडतीतल्या खोपडी खोपडीत करणारे कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील होते.

ज्या महाराष्ट्राच्या पवित्र मातीत “कर्मवीरांसारखा” “शिक्षणमहर्षी” जन्माला आला त्याच महाराष्ट्राच्या मातीत आजच्या “शिक्षणसम्राटांनी” शिक्षणव्यवस्थेचे चित्र काय निर्माण केलय तर “शिक्षणाचा संबंध पदव्यानशी पदव्यांचा संबंध नोकरीशी नोकरीचा संबंध चाकरिशी चाकरिचा संबंध छोकरीशी या छोकरीचा संबंध भाकरीशी आणि भाकरीचा संबंध परत नोकरीशी” अशी अवस्था करून ठेवलीय. त्यामुळे कर्मवीरांसारख्या शिक्षणमहर्षी असणाऱ्या माणसाचं व्यक्तीमत्व तरुणांना माहीत होणं ही काळाची गरज बनली आहे.

22 सप्टेंबर 1887 रोजी भाऊराव पाटील यांचा जन्म कोल्हापूर जिल्ह्यातील कुंभोज या गावी झाला.

त्यांचे वडील पायगोंडा पाटील हे रोड कारकून होते. भाऊरावांचे प्राथमिक शिक्षण विटे, दहिवडी अश्या वडिलांच्या बदलीच्या ठिकाणी झाले.

1902 ते 1907 या वर्षी ते कोल्हापूरच्या राजाराम हायस्कूलमध्ये शिकले. शाळेच्या पहिल्या दिवशी त्यांचे बाह्य रूप पाहून विद्यार्थी त्यांच्यावर हसले. शालेय अभ्यासक्रमात ते मागे असले तरी ते कुस्ती, पोहणे, मल्लखांब याक्रीडाप्रकारांत ते पटाईत होते. ते इंग्रजी सहावी म्हणजे आताची दहावी शिकले.

10 वी नापास असणाऱ्या या विद्यार्थाने ज्ञानाची गंगा खेड्यापाड्यांपर्यंत नेली. कोल्हापुरात असताना भाऊराव कोल्हापूर येथील दिगंबर जैन बोर्डिंगमध्ये राहत असत ही बोर्डिंग 1905 मध्ये राजर्षी शाहूंनी सुरू केली.

1908 मध्ये मिस क्लार्क होस्टेल या अस्पृश्य मुलीच्या वसतिगृहाच्या उदघाटन कार्यक्रमास गेले म्हणून त्यांनी दुसऱ्यांदा स्नान करावे हा आदेश न पाळल्यामुळे त्यांना वस्तीगृहातून काढून टाकले गेले.

बाळासाहेब खानविलकर या त्यांच्या मित्राने झाला प्रकार ऐकून त्यांना शाहू महाराजांच्या वाड्यावर आणले व राजवाड्यातील विद्यार्थी कक्षात त्यांची राहण्याची व्यवस्था केली.

कोल्हापुरात शिक्षण घेत असतानाच त्यांच्या जीवनावर महात्मा फुले, शाहू महाराज, महात्मा गांधी यांच्या जीवनाचा खूप प्रभाव पडला. या 3 महान लोकांमुळेच भाऊरावांच्या मनात समाजसेवेचे शुद्ध बीज अंकुरित झाले. शिक्षण हाच सर्व सुधारणांचा पाया आहे अशी त्यांची खात्री पटली. शिक्षणाच्या अभावामुळेच आपली पीछेहाट झाली आहे याची त्यांना अगदी तरुण वयातच जाणीव झाली.

त्यामुळेच त्यांनी 1909 मध्ये काही मित्रांच्या सहकार्याने वाळवे तालुक्यातील दुधगाव येथे “दुधगाव विद्यार्थी आश्रम” ही संस्था काढली व भाऊरावांच्या शैक्षणिक कार्यास प्रारंभ झाला.

काले या सातारा जिल्ह्यातील कराड या गावी 1919 मध्ये सत्यशोधक परिषदेचे अधिवेशन भरले होते. ग्रामीण जनतेच्या शिक्षणासाठी शिक्षण संस्था स्थापन करावी अशी विनंती भाऊरावांनी केली आणि ती मान्यही झाली. दिन, दलित, बहुजन मुलांना शिक्षण दिले पाहिजे असा विचार त्यांनी मांडला.

शेतकरी म्हणजेच रयत. रयतेला शिक्षण देणारी संस्था म्हणूनच या संस्थेला “रयत शिक्षण संस्था” असे नाव देण्यात आले. अश्या तर्हेने 5 ऑक्टोबर 1919 रोजी रयत शिक्षण संस्था स्थापन झाली. श्रम, स्वावलंबन व समता या 3 तत्वांवर त्यांच्या शैक्षणिक कार्याचा वटवृक्ष आधारलेला होता.

“ज्याच्या हाताला घट्टा व चट्टा नाही तो स्वावलंबी विद्यार्थी नाही” असे भाऊराव म्हणत असत.

शिक्षणामध्ये शारीरिक श्रमाची प्रतिष्ठा प्रस्थापित करण्याचा यशस्वी प्रयत्न भाऊरावांनी केला. विद्यार्थ्यांनी शिक्षण घेत असतानाच काम केलं पाहिजे व त्यातून शिक्षणाचा खर्च भागवला पाहिजे असे ते बोलत असत.

संस्थेचा दैनंदिन कारभार पाहता यावा म्हणून त्यांनी किर्लोस्कर कारखान्यातील कामाचा राजीनामा दिला. वसतिगृहातील विद्यार्थ्यांना भोजन, पुस्तके, वह्या, पाटी हा खर्च भागवण्यासाठी लोकांचा सहभाग व आस्था निर्माण केली. लोकसहभागातून संस्थेचा खर्च भागवला जाई. दुधगाव,  कार्ले, नेर्ले या 3 ठिकाणी प्रथम जी वसतिगृह स्थापन केली होती त्यांचा खर्च भागवण्यासाठी प्रसंगी त्यांनी आपली पत्नी लक्ष्मी यांचे मंगळसूत्र देखील विकले होते.

1919 मध्ये रयत शिक्षण संस्थेची स्थापना जरी झाली असली तरी आपल्या कार्यास व्यापक रूप देण्यासाठी 1924 मध्ये भाऊरावांनी सातारा येथे सर्व धर्माच्या, पंथाच्या व जातीच्या विद्यार्थ्यांसाठी एक वसतिगृह काढले. 1927 साली महात्मा गांधींनी या वस्तीगृहाला भेट दिली सर्व जाती धर्मातील विद्यार्थी एकत्र राहतात हे पाहून गांधीजींना खूप आनंद झाला होता.

भाऊरावांच्या पत्नीनेही आपले सर्व जीवन वसतिगृहाच्या कामातच देण्याचे ठरवले. पुढे तर त्यांच्या पत्नीने आपले सर्व जीवनच संस्थेसाठी व्यतीत केले.

1932 मध्ये कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील यांनी “युनियन बोर्डिंग हाऊस” या नावाने वसतिगृह पुणे येथे फर्ग्युसन टेकडीच्या मागे असलेल्या वडार वस्तीजवळ झोपड्या बांधून सुरू केलं.

4 एप्रिल 1933 रोजी बडोद्याचे संस्थानिक सयाजीराव गायकवाड हे सातारा येथे आले तेव्हा त्यांनी शाहू बोर्डिंगला भेट दिली.

महाराजांनी विद्यार्थ्यांची विचारपूस केली तिथल्या भाकरी व पिठले याचा आस्वाद देखील घेतला. ते स्वतः शिक्षणाचे चाहते होते त्यांनी भाऊरावांना 4000 रुपयांचा चेक दिला व त्यातून बहुजन समाजाला महागडे इंग्रजी शिक्षण मोफत मिळावे अशी इच्छा प्रकट केली.

1935 मध्ये सिल्वर ज्युबली रूरल ट्रेनिंग कॉलेज त्यांनी सातारा येथे सुरू केले. “म.फुले अध्यापक विद्यालय” असे त्या विद्यालयाचे नाव होते.

1940 मध्ये रयत शिक्षण संस्थेच्या वतीने पहिले माध्यमिक विद्यालय “महाराज सयाजीराव गायकवाड फ्री अँड रेसिडेन्शियल हायस्कूल” सुरू झाले.

त्यासाठी फलटणचे राजेसाहेब श्रीमंत मालोजीराजे निंबाळकर यांनी 10 एकर जमीन, 1 बंगला व रोख 5000 देणगी दिली होती.

शाळेतील विद्यार्थ्यांना वसतिगृहात राहणे, शाळेची स्वच्छता करणे, जमाखर्च लिहिणे, शेतीत कामे करणे ही कामे करावी लागत तेथे सर्व शिक्षण मोफत होते. “कमवा व शिका” हा उपक्रम शाळेत राबवला जाई.

रयत शिक्षण संस्थेची आज 320 हायस्कूल, 29 महाविद्यालये, 572 शाळा व वसतिगृहे आहेत. रयत शिक्षण संस्था, सातारा ही फक्त महाराष्ट्रातील किंवा भारतातील सर्वात मोठी शिक्षण संस्था आहे असे नाही तर संपूर्ण आशिया खंडात एवढी मोठी शाखात्मक विस्तार असलेली संस्था नाही.

आज सांगली, कोल्हापूर, रत्नागिरी, सिंधुदुर्ग, सातारा, सोलापूर, रायगड, मुंबई, अहमदनगर, नाशिक, बीड या 14 जिल्ह्यात संस्थेचा शाखाविस्तार झालेला आहे.

गांधी हत्येनंतर सातारा येथे गांधीजींना श्रद्धांजली वाहण्यासाठी झालेल्या सभेत तत्कालीन मुख्यमंत्री बाळासाहेब खेर यांच्याविरोधात अपशब्द काढले म्हणून संस्थचे अनुदान बंद करण्याचा निर्णय घेतला.

अत्यंत परिश्रमाने वाढलेली रयत शिक्षण संस्था बंद पडण्याचा धोका उत्पन्न झाला. मुंबई प्रांताचे तेव्हाचे गव्हर्नर मोराजजी देसाई यांनी तर भाऊरावांच्या उल्लेख एका सभेत “सैतान” असा केला.

तेव्हा एका सावकाराने कर्मवीरांनी सांगितलं मी मदत करतो पण तुमच्या वस्तीगृहाला माझं नाव द्या तेव्हा कर्मवीर कडाडले “एकवेळ मी जन्म देणाऱ्या माझ्या बापाचं नाव बदलीन पण माझ्या वस्तीगृहाला दिलेलं छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराजांचं” नाव कधीच बदलणार नाही.

त्यांनी स्वतः तसेच शंकरराव मोरे, केशवराव जेधे, बापूजी साळुंखे आदींनी महाराष्ट्रात झंझावाती दौरा करून संस्थेसाठी पैशाचा पाऊसच पडला.

भाऊरावांनी आपली बाजू जनतेपुढे मांडली. 52 दिवसात 53000 रुपये संस्थेला देणगी मिळाली. शेवटी 23 जानेवारी 1949 रोजी सरकारने अनुदान चालू केले.

भाऊरावांनी शिक्षणाविषयी पुरोगामी विचार मांडले. शिक्षण साध्य नसून साधन असे असे ते म्हणत असत. शिक्षणातून नवचैतन्य, नवमानव व नवसमाज निर्माण झाला पाहिजे असे त्यांचा विचार होता.

शिक्षण घ्या, शहाणे व्हा, पालकांचे दारिद्र्य आड येऊ देऊ नका, घाम गाळून शिका, समाजाच्या उपयोगासाठी शिका असे त्यांचे विचार होते. शिक्षण हे माणसाच्या विकासाचे मूळ साधन आहे शिक्षणामुळे माणूस बहुश्रुत होतो असे ते म्हणत.

“स्वावलंबी शिक्षण हेच आमचे ब्रीद” हे रयत शिक्षण संस्थेचे बोधवाक्य होते. भाऊराव पाटील म्हणजे महाराष्ट्रातील रविंद्रनाथ टागोर होत. भाऊरावांची राहणी अत्यंत साधी होती.

1910 पासून भाऊरावांनी खादीचे व्रत स्वीकारले व अखेरपर्यंत त्याचे पालन केले. त्यांचे वर्षांचे कपडे म्हणजे 4 नेहरू शर्ट, चार धोतरे, 2 पंचे, खांद्यावर घोंगडी, हातात काठी असे.

भव्य देहयष्टी, छातीत रुळनारी पांढरी शुभ्र दाढी, प्रभावी व्यक्तिमत्त्व, पहाडी आवाज, अमोघ वक्तृत्व ही त्यांची वैशिष्ट्य होती. पुण्यात उच्च शिक्षणासाठी ठेवलेल्या मुलांकरिता भाऊराव स्वयंपाकाचे साहित्य डोक्यावर घेऊन अनवाणी येत असत. स्वतः ते खेड्यापाड्यांत अनवाणी फिरून जातपात न पाहता हुशार अशी मुले शिकायला साताऱ्यात आणत असत.

भाऊराव यांना रक्तदाबाचा आजार होता व उपचारांसाठी 1944 मध्ये मुंबई 7 हॉस्पिटलमध्ये होते. ते आपल्या प्रकृतीकडे फारशे लक्ष देत नसत प्रकृती थोडी ठीक झाली की ते लगेच कामाला लागत असत.

भारत सरकारने 26 जानेवारी 1959 ला त्यांना “पद्मभूषण” ने सन्मानित केले. भाऊराव तेव्हा म्हटले होते “मला जनता जनार्दनाने दिलेली कर्मवीर ही पदवी त्याहून श्रेष्ठ आहे”. ते आपल्या नावाखाली ‘रयतसेवक’ अशी पदवी लावत. शिक्षणाला एक नवी दृष्टी भाऊरावांनी दिली.

‘श्रम करा व शिका’, ‘स्वावलंबी शिक्षण’ हे त्यांच्या शिक्षणकार्यातील नवे तत्वज्ञान होते.

शिक्षणाच्या आड गरिबी येत नाही हा एक नवीन विचारच त्यांनी आपल्या कार्यातून मांडला.

कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील यांचे शैक्षणिक कार्य माहिती निबंध मराठी
पुणे विद्यापीठाच्या “D.Litt” ही पदवी भाऊराव पाटील यांना गव्हर्नर श्री.प्रकाश यांच्या हस्ते दिली. ही पदवी देण्यासाठी ससून रुग्णालयात कुलगुरू रँग्लर परांजपे व विद्यापीठ रजिस्ट्रार गेले होते.

भाऊरावांनी अनेक मुले शिक्षणासाठी परदेशात पाठवली होती. परदेशात विद्याविभूषित होऊन आलेले विद्यार्थी परत संस्थेमध्येच काम करू लागले.

9 मे 1959 रोजी भाऊराव पाटील यांचे निधन झाले. भाऊराव पाटलांनी रयत शिक्षण संस्थेच्या सर्व शाळा व महाविद्यालयांमध्ये ‘कमवा व शिका’ योजना चालू करून श्रमप्रतिष्ठेचे महत्व विद्यार्थ्यांना पटवून दिले. स्वावलंबी शिक्षण हा प्रयोग बहुदा देशात पहिलाच असावा. गेल्या 100-150 वर्षांत भाऊराव पाटील यांच्यासारखा लोकोत्तर पुरुष झाला नाही.

पंडित नेहरू कर्मवीरांबद्दल बोलतात “कर्मवीर भाऊराव पाटील यांनी महाराष्ट्राच्या शैक्षणिक क्षेत्रात फार मोठी क्रांती केली आहे. श्रमातून शिक्षण प्राप्त करण्याचा महान मूलमंत्र त्यांनी जनतेला दिला व मानवी समतेचा दिव्य आदर्श जनतेपुढे ठेवला”.

यशवंतराव चव्हाण बोलतात “जनता शिक्षणाचा नाव पायंडा पाडून बहुजन समाजात शिक्षणाने क्रांती घडवून आणणे हे त्यांचे ध्येय होते. सामर्थ्यवान व गुणवत्येने युक्त अशी माणसे तयार करणे हे त्यांच्या कार्याचे रहस्य होते”. ना.ग.मोरे यांच्या मते ” कर्मवीर महाराष्ट्राला लाभलेले विश्वामित्र होते शून्यातून ब्रम्हांड निर्माण करण्याची करामत भाऊरावांनी करून दाखवून भाऊरावांनी महाराष्ट्रातील ग्रामीण जनतेवर अनंत उपकार केले आहेत”.

ह.रा.महाजणींच्या मते “भाऊराव पाटील हे महाराष्ट्राचे बुकर-टी वॉशिंग्टनच होते”. क्रांतिसिंह नाना पाटील यांच्या मते “भाऊरावांनी बहुजन समाजाची प्रामाणिकपणे सेवा केली. जातीभेद तोडून टाकण्याची शिकस्त केली. समाजावर द्यानामृताचा वर्षाव केला’.

ह्याच कर्मवीरांच्या महाराष्ट्रात आज शिक्षण क्षेत्राचा बाजार चाललंय अस चित्र दिसतंय शिक्षणाचा व्यापार करणारे लोक महाराष्ट्रात आलेत. भाऊरावांचा महाराष्ट्र आज खाउरावांचा झालाय असच सगळीकडं दिसतंय आज. त्यामुळेच कर्मवीरांबद्दल म्हणावेसे वाटते.

“आदर्शच तू लोकनायक धर्मसंस्कृतीचा अग्रदूत तू समाजपुरुषा ज्ञानक्रांतीचा

झोपडीत तू हसत लाविला विद्येचा दीप बहुजन हसला बहुमणी जळता शतकांचे पाप”

*विद्येच्या या दिपस्तंभास त्रिवार वंदन*

खंडोबा यात्रा – पाल

या लेखामध्ये जसे की नाव आहे खंडोबा यात्रे विषयी सांगीतले आहे. का आहे ही यात्रा आणि तुम्ही काय करू शकता हे सर्व प्रश्न आणि उत्तर स्वरुपात लिहिलेले आहे. कृपया वाचा शेवट पर्यंत!

प्रश्न: पाल कुठे आहे?

उत्तर: पाल साताऱ्या जवळ महाराष्ट्रात आहे.

प्रश्न: केव्हा असते खंडोबाची पाल येथे यात्रा?

उत्तर: पौष महिन्यात खंडोबाची पाल येथे यात्रा भरते.

प्रश्न: का ही यात्रा भरते?

उत्तर: ही यात्रा म्हाळसा देवी आणि खंडोबारायाच्या लग्नाचा उत्सव साजरा करण्यासाठी भरते.

प्रश्न: या जत्रेत मिरवणूक निघते का? कशी?

उत्तर: हो या जत्रेत मिरवणूक निघते. म्हाळसा देवी आणि खंडोबा देवाच्या मुर्त्या सिंहासनावर ठेवून वाजत गाजत मंदिरा पासून उत्सव ज्या ठिकाणी होणार आहे त्या ठिकाणी नेल्या जातात.

प्रश्न: लग्न कुठे होते?

उत्तर: लग्न बहुला या ठिकाणी होत.

हि झाली थोडी माहिती या खंडोबा यात्रेबद्दलची. माहिती फार थोडी आहे पण आपणास जर अजून काही माहीत असेल तर आपण नि:संकोच कमेंट करा. आपण टिप्पणीत केलेली माहिती देखील वाचकांसाठी महत्वपूर्ण राहतील. पोस्ट पूर्ण वाचली त्याकरिता धन्यवाद! कृपया शेयर करा.

झासी की रानी लक्ष्मीबाई

रानी लक्ष्मीबाई का जन्म, 19 नवम्बर 1835 को हुआ और मृत्यु अंग्रेजो से लड़ते हुए 17 जून 1858 मराठा शासित झाँसी राज्य की रानी और 1857 के प्रथम भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम की वीरांगना हुई। जिन्होंने मात्र 23वर्ष की आयु में ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य की सेना से संग्राम किया और रणक्षेत्र में वीरगति प्राप्त की किन्तु जीते जी अंग्रेजों को अपनी झाँसी पर कब्जा नहीं करने दिया।

लक्ष्मीबाई का जन्म वाराणसी जिले के भदैनी नामक नगर में 19नवम्बर 1835 को हुआ था। उसके बचपन का नाम मणिकर्णिका था परन्तु प्यार से उन्हें लोग मनु कहा करते थे। मनु की माँ का नाम भागीरथीबाई तथा पिता का नाम मोरोपन्त तांबे था। मोरोपन्त एक मराठी थे और मराठा बाजीराव की सेवा में थे। माता भागीरथीबाई एक सुसंस्कृत, बुद्धिमान एवं धार्मिक महिला थीं।

मनु जब चार वर्ष की थी तब उनकी माँ की मृत्यु हो गयी। चूँकि घर में मनु की देखभाल के लिये कोई नहीं था इसलिए पिता मनु को अपने साथ बाजीराव के दरबार में ले गये जहाँ चंचल एवं सुन्दर मनु ने सबका मन मोह लिया। लोग उसे प्यार से "छबीली" कहकर बुलाने लगे। मनु ने बचपन में शास्त्रों की शिक्षा के साथ शस्त्रों की शिक्षा भी ली।

सन् 1842 में  उनका विवाह झाँसी के मराठा शासित राजा गंगाधर राव निम्बालकर के साथ हुआ और वे झाँसी की रानी बनीं। विवाह के बाद उनका नाम लक्ष्मीबाई रखा गया।

सन् 1851 में रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने एक पुत्र को जन्म दिया परन्तु चार माह की आयु में ही उसकी मृत्यु हो गयी। सन् 1853 में राजा गंगाधर राव का स्वास्थ्य बहुत अधिक बिगड़ जाने पर उन्हें दत्तक पुत्र लेने की सलाह दी गयी। पुत्र गोद लेने के बाद 21 नवम्बर 1853 को राजा गंगाधर राव की मृत्यु हो गयी। दत्तक पुत्र का नाम दामोदर राव रखा गया।

झाँसी 1857 के संग्राम का एक प्रमुख केन्द्र बन गया जहाँ हिंसा भड़क उठी। रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने झाँसी की सुरक्षा को सुदृढ़ करना शुरू कर दिया और एक स्वयंसेवक सेना का गठन प्रारम्भ किया। इस सेना में महिलाओं की भर्ती की गयी और उन्हें युद्ध का प्रशिक्षण दिया गया। साधारण जनता ने भी इस संग्राम में सहयोग दिया। झलकारी बाई जो लक्ष्मीबाई की हमशक्ल थी को अपनी सेना में प्रमुख स्थान दिया।

1857 के सितम्बर तथा अक्तूबर माह में पड़ोसी राज्य ओरछा तथा दतिया के राजाओं ने झाँसी पर आक्रमण कर दिया। रानी ने सफलता पूर्वक इसे विफल कर दिया।

1858 के जनवरी माह में ब्रितानी सेना ने झाँसी की ओर बढ़ना शुरू कर दिया और मार्च के महीने में शहर को घेर लिया। दो हफ़्तों की लड़ाई के बाद ब्रितानी सेना ने शहर पर कब्जा कर लिया। परन्तु रानी दामोदर राव के साथ अंग्रेजों से बच कर भाग निकलने में सफल हो गयी।

रानी झाँसी से भाग कर कालपी पहुँची और तात्या टोपे से मिली। तात्या टोपे और रानी की संयुक्त सेनाओं ने ग्वालियर के विद्रोही सैनिकों की मदद से ग्वालियर के एक किले पर कब्जा कर लिया।

17 जून 1858 को ग्वालियर के पास कोटा की सराय में ब्रिटिश सेना से लड़ते-लड़ते रानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने वीरगति प्राप्त की।

लड़ाई की रिपोर्ट में ब्रिटिश जनरल ह्यूरोज़ ने टिप्पणी की कि रानी लक्ष्मीबाई अपनी सुन्दरता, चालाकी और दृढ़ता के लिये उल्लेखनीय तो थी ही, विद्रोही नेताओं में सबसे अधिक खतरनाक भी थी!

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सिंहासन हिल उठे राजवंशों ने भृकुटी तानी थी,

बूढ़े भारत में आई फिर से नयी जवानी थी,

गुमी हुई आज़ादी की कीमत सबने पहचानी थी,

दूर फिरंगी को करने की सबने मन में ठानी थी।

चमक उठी सन सत्तावन में, वह तलवार पुरानी थी,

बुंदेले हरबोलों के मुँह हमने सुनी कहानी थी,

खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह तो झाँसी वाली रानी थी।।

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What is Blood rain

Perhaps one of the most intriguing natural phenomena is colorful rain falling from sky. One of the example is red rain it is also called blood rain. In fact, before the 17 century it was actually believed that blood fell from the sky. In 19 century, however, the scientific causes of blood rain were examined and it was found that the red color occurs due to 'rain dust' that is fine dust particles in the air which dissolves in the water as it descends. It is generally believed that this dust dust comes from deserts and dry swarms where it is picked up by winda and dispersed high into air. Blood rain is highly, alkaline {the opposite of acid rain} and contains traces of metals and their compounds. Sometime, the red color of the rain is also attribute to the presence of microorganisms like algae and fungi.

Did you know that blood rain fell in Kerala almost for a whole month in 2001? Scientists found that color was due to airborne spores of algae.

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GK one liner

The post office at Shankar in Scotland is said to be the oldest working post office in the world it has been in continuous service since 1712.

The Peruvian town of Churin holds an annual festival in honour of guinea pigs. The furry creatures are dressed in cute little outfits The best dressed and biggest guinea pigs are given the top prizes. The rodents are given tasty treat after parade.

Female and male workers on a sheep station are called Jillaroos and Jackaroos in Australia.

Italy's Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena is the world's oldest operational bank. The third largest bank of Italy founded in 1472 by the magistrate of the city-state Senia.

Danish physicist Niels Bohr was a good football player. Once during a match s player of German team took a long shot at the goal. Niels made no effort to stop it. When he was asked about that he said I was solving a physics problem. 

The numerics of date 14.3.15 were similar to the value of pi and hence it was observed as Pi day.

One of the world's oldest and largest, the Hermitage in St Petersburg, Russia, is home to about 75 cats. The tradition dates back to 1774 decree by Empress Elizabeth which introduced cats in the palace to control mice population.           

Flip-flops

Suppose you want to make shoes you will use rubber, leather or plastic. If you lived 10,000 years ago, so you must have used tree bark. In fact, the oldest shoes ever discovered were made with the bark twisted in rope, can you imagine wearing shoes made of bark?
Sandals have two main parts, one part is flat pieces on our foot, this part is called sole, or bottom of your foot. The second part is one or more straps that are that are attached to the sole, these straps keep your foot in the sandal. One type of sandals are is very popular now a days, it is a sole and a Y-shaped strap passes between your big toe and your second toe. This kind of sandal has several names in South Africa, it's called a slip-slop. In the US it is usually called a flip-flop, flip-flops don't have ankle straps to keep them in place, so they move when you walk. This flops don't cost a lot, so most people can buy a pair of of two. Usually, flip-flops are made of crude oil. As a result of it is hard to recycle old flip-flops from car tires or from material like cotton or straw. For some sports, special shoes can help you move faster or climb higher. A pair of flip-flops won't get you very far if you're hiking up a mountain through mud and rocks of a wilderness trail. However, when it's hot outside, it feels good to put on flip-flops and feel a breeze in your toe.

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Aarey Milk Colony, Mumbai

Hello friends, this blog is dedicated to Aarey Milk Colony, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Please read this blog and improve your general knowledge about it which is useful in competitive exams.

Image credit: www.amazingmaharashtra.com

• Aarey Colony falls within the eco sensitive zone of Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP).
• It is classified as mixed moist deciduous type forest and is an urban, unclassed and degraded forest.
• The Aarey Milk Colony (also Aarey Colony, also Aarey Forest) is a neighbourhood situated in Goregaon (East), a suburb of the city of Mumbai, India.
• It was established in 1949 to revolutionise the processing and marketing of dairy products in the city.
• In 1951 the dairy at Aarey was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
• The colony was the vision of Mr Dara Khurody who was a pioneer of dairy sector.
• Mr Dara Khurody shared the '1963 Ramon Magsaysay Award' with Dr Verghese Kurien for revolutionizing the processing and marketing of milk in Mumbai.
• Aarey Milk Colony includes 12 villages: Sai, Gundgav, Film City, Royal Palms, Dindoshi (Eksar Pahad), Aarey, Pahadi Goregaon, Vyraval, Kondivita, Maroshi (Marol), Parjapur, and Paspoli.
• In 1977, around 200 ha (490 acres) of land was carved out from Aarey village to establish Film City.
• The colony is spread over 16 sq km (6 sq mi) and is located off the Western Express Highway (WEH).
• Among the popular attractions in Aarey are Chhota Kashmir with a lake and a picnic spot.
• The colony also has gardens, a nursery, lakes, an observation pavilion, picnic facilities, and milk plants.
• 16,000 cattle are reared on 1,287 ha (3,180 acres) of land, and 32 cattle farms.
• The management of all these is outsourced to a private firm every two years.
• Aarey Forest has at least 86 species of trees and 22 species of birds.
• There are about 290 species of wild life in Aarey Forest including 5 such species of animals which feature in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). These vulnerable animals include leopards, Rusty spotted cat, Sambar deer, Alexandrine Parakeet and Red-wattled Lapwing.
• Aarey is known to have potential to show human-leopard co-existence in an urban setting. There are 4 adult females named Adarsh Nagar (after the locality she used to frequent), Bindu, Chandani and Luna.
• There are around 27 tribal hamlets (known as padas in Marathi) and other smaller hamlets in Aarey. The tribals in the area farm and cultivate various fruits and vegetables among other which are then sold in markets for a livelihood.
• Tribal Padas in Aarey: Keltipada, Damupada, Chafyachapada, Naushachapada, Futkyachapada, Nimbarpada, Prajapurpada, Vaanichapada, Bhurikhanpada, Khambachapada, Khadakpada, Gaondevipada, Habalpada, Devipada, Saibangodapada, Maroshipada, Charandevpada, Jivachapada, Morachapada, Ultanpada, Navapada, Nangarmundipada, Navapada 2, Dongripada, Prajapurpada - Modern Bakery, Jitonichapada, Kambatpada.
• The main objective to erect such colony: Shifting of cattle/buffalo from the city limits, Supply of better quality milk to the citizens of Mumbai at comparatively cheaper cost, and Maintenance of these animals on scientific and modern animal husbandry practices.
• Animal Husbandry Scheme, Cow Unit Scheme: Under this scheme, indigenous and cross-breed cows are maintained at four Dairy Farms Units. The indigenous herd is utilized for producing large numbers of cross-breed heifers which are supplied to the farmers of dairy co-operatives in Maharashtra state to augment the milk production and the generation of cross-breed herd will be utilized to study the effect of cross-breeding up to 7.5% and 6.5% exotic blood level. This study will be useful to advise the farmers in the Maharashtra state regarding the breeding policies that can be practiced by them for breeding their cross-bred progeny at the village level. Maintenance of cross-breed herds will be economic while the indigenous herds will be showing some amount of losses, but it will be a good study for future planning.

Spiritual Places:

• Madarsa Gausulwra Welfare Trust
• Jagdishwar Temple
• Noori Mohammadi Masjid
• Shree Siddhivinayak Mandir
• Gausulwra Mosque
• St. Paul's Tamil Methodist Church
• Gaondevi Mandir
• ANAIAH OF SHALEM A.G. CHURCH