What are Multiple Star and Muttnik? Random facts Part 6

Multiple star: A group of 3 or 4 stars that orbit each other bound by gravitational force. Multiple-star system are also called Trinary or Ternary if they contain three stars; they are called Quaternary if they contain if they contain four stars and so on. For example, Alpha Centauri, the third biggest star in the night sky, is a trinary star. 

Muttnik: American nickname for the dog Laika, the first animal launched on the space successfully. She was launched aboard Sputnik 2 in 1957. However, she died within few hours because of overheating. She paved the way for human being spaceflight that living being can enter into the orbit.

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What is Sea of Tranquility? Random facts part 8

Have you heard about Sea if Tranquility? The landing site of Apollo 11 is called Sea of Tranquility. Apollo 11 was the first manned spaceship (spaceship which has people in it) to land on the Moon in 1969. It is a large basaltic plain that appears as a dark patch on the moon. 

SETI-  Acronym for 'Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence'. It refers the activities undertaken to search for extraterrestrial life. Astronomers use radio telescope to listen for electromagnetic signals that may have been generated by an intelligent beings elsewhere in the Universe. 

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What are open cluster and optical telescope ? Random Facts part 7

Do you know about open cluster and optical telescope? In this article you are going to know about them only, so let's start.

Open cluster is a group of a few thousand stars formed from the same giant molecular cloud. These stars are loosely gravitational bound to each other. More than 1100 open clusters has been discovered in the Milky Way Galaxy. Open clusters appear as faint, blurred patches of the light to the naked eye. But are huge and are several times bigger than Earth.

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An Optical telescope is that gathers and focuses light magnified image of a celestial object. There are mainly three types of telescopes: Refractors which use lenses, Reflectors which use mirrors and Catadioptric which is the mix of Refactors and Reflectors. Galileo generally credited t first use telescope for astronomy.   

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What are Photosphere Random facts part - 6

Do you know which part of Sun gives us energy? If you want to know this, then it's simple you just read the full article.

The bright surface of the Sun is the part that gives us energy for our survival. Its temperature is about about 6000 kelvin (5726.85 Celsius). Earth gets light and heat from the electromagnetic energy radiating from the photosphere. Photosphere is the part f Sun that gives us light and heat. It is the surface of the Sun.

It is made from two words- photos/photo meaning light, and sphere which refers to it's spherical shape.

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'What are Orion and Orion arm' Random facts part 5

Hello friends in this article you are going to read about Orion and Orion arms.

Orion: It is named after a hunter in Greek mythology, Orion is one of the most recognizable constellations in night sky. It contains two of the brightest stars in the sky- Rigel and Betelgeuse. This constellation is also the home to the Orionids which are meteor shower and the orion nebula, one of the brightest nebula seen by naked eye. 

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Orion arm: One of the spiral arms in milky way  Galaxy in which our solar system is located. It is named after Orion constellation.

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What are stem cells? - Random facts part-3

Do you know what are stem cells? Read this article to know what are stem cells, and what is their function.

Stem cells can easily called wizards of our body because they have a peculiar capacity [scientific word meaning to develop] to differentiate  into specialized cell. so these little fellows, if provided, with suitable conditions, can develop into any organ. They are found in bone marrow, blood from which they need to be extracted] and the most recently found source in the umbilical cord. Nowadays, stem cells are also artificial grown under controlled conditions. 

Stem cell technology is a beautifully engineered process, in which new stem cells are introduced into damaged tissues in order to treat the disease or injury. The ability of stem cells to renew themselves and thereby give rise to subsequent generations to, is used replace deceased and damaged areas in the body. The risks of side effects is minimal. 

This technology acts as a saviour in a wide range of issues from brain damage to spinal cord injury. It has emerged as a reasonable treatment for fatal problems of heart damage and the worldwide menace  of cancer. Researchers have successfully transplanted transplanted corneal stem cells into damaged eyes to restore vision. Even sell technology. For diabetic chocolate lovers, insulin producing stem cells would solve there problems.    

This technology will be helpful to us and will change the medical facilities in India and all around the world.

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What are Nebula and neutron stars Random facts part 2

Have you ever heard about neutron stars and nebula, you have have heard neutron star in Avengers Infinity war. Do you know what these are really? If no then you have come to correct place.

Nebula

Gigantic cloud of gas and dust, mainly of hydrogen and helium gases, in space. Astronomers believe nebulae to be nurseries of star. There are main 4 types of nebulae 

1. Planetary 

2. Reflection 

3. Emission 

4. Absorption

Neutron star 

Remnant of a massive star formed after a super nova explosion,. Neutron stars are the densest and smallest stars find by humans, measuring only 10 kilo metres across. It is tightly packed with neutrons.   

   

English Vocabulary part 9- Jumbled words

  Hello friends in this article you are going to read some jumbled word if you know their answers then comment them down and share those with us for more such jumbled word puzzles click here.

islybrk

ncaaesri

nacary

haemptilycal

ngeila

glineder

stmuy

anomcdi

ernumous

erpch

ediremes

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English Vocabulary part 8- Jumbled Words

 Hello friends in this article you are going to read a jumbled word puzzle if you know the answer then comment it down and if you want more such jumbled word articles then click here.

ucnrret

ixetestn

 xetnta

nsitatn

 ccaompagnyin

 ssaociedat

ettandtan

apts

ecprigned

                            

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What are invertebrates? Animal World part 13

 In some of the previous articles (which contained of part 8 and part 9 ) we read about invertebrates, but there wasn't a lot of information regarding to them. But now in this article and next articles, you are going to red about invertebrates in deep. So let's start.

Now if you have ever seen a human skeleton, then you know that it contains backbone, and we humans and other vertebrates (animals with backbone) can't survive long without our backbone. We are able to walk because of backbone. But there are animals which don't have backbone. These are called invertebrates. Of millions of species in this Earth around 97% of them are invertebrates. Common examples of invertebrates are insects, spiders, snails, clams worms and molluscs. 

But body structure of animals in the all Earth is not same. Even though a bear and caterpillar are animals but their body structures are very different.

In animal kingdom, invertebrates are actually the largest group. The total number of invertebrate species are around 30 million. But vertebrates are only around 60,000 to 70,000. Invertebrates include animals both on land and in water. 

Invertebrates have a long history, fossil records show invertebrates existed even 600 million years ago, which is even before dinosaurs. Invertebrates are also the major food source of animals like birds and fishes, you may have seen fishes and birds eating worms and insects. Invertebrates play a major role in life of vertebrates.

Many of the invertebrates work like pests and parasites such as grasshoppers and ladybug.

So lets summarize this article-

1. Invertebrates are animals without any backbone.

2. There is a lot of difference between body structure of vertebrates and invertebrates.

3. Most animal life on the planet is invertebrates, they have 30 million species in them.

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English vocabulary part 7

Hello friends in this article you are going to read some more words with their vocabulary. If you want to read more of these then check the page.

Today's words are- 

1. Bustling

2. Clause

3. Coarse

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1. Bustling-

Grammar type-  Verb

Meaning- move around quickly, busily

Synonyms- bestir, dash, dust, flit, flutter, fuss, hasten, hum, hurry, hustle, run, rush, scamper, scramble, scurry, scuttle, stir, tear, whirl, whisk

Antonyms- dally, delay, procrastinate, rest, slow, wait

2. Clause

Grammar type- Noun

Meaning- provision in document

Synonyms-  article, catch, chapter, codicil, condition, fine print, heading, item, joker, kicker, limitation, paragraph, part, passage, point, provision, proviso, requirement, rider, section, small print, specification, stipulation, string attached to something, ultimatum

Antonyms- whole

3. Coarse

Grammar type- Adjective

Meaning- rough or not fine

Synonyms- base, bawdy, blue, boorish, brutish, cheap, common, crass, crude, dirty, earthy, filthy, foul, foul-mouthed, gross, gruff, immodest, impolite, improper, impure, incult, indelicate, inelegant, loutish, low, lowbred, lowdown and dirty, mean, nasty, obscene, off-color, offensive, raffish, raunchy, raw, ribald, rough, roughneck, rude, scatological, smutty, tacky, uncivil, uncouth, uncultivated, uncultured, unrefined, happed, coarse-grained, crude, grainy, granular, harsh, homespun, impure, inferior, loose, lumpy, mediocre, particulate, poor quality, rough-hewn, rugged.

Antonyms- chaste, clean, decent, delicate, gentle, happy, kind, moral, nice, pleasant, polished, polite, pure, refined, smooth, soft, sophisticated, upright.

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Do Animal Classification change? Animal Word part 12

 We have made articles on binomial system of classifying animals and people who were first to classify animals in their own way if you haven't read those then visit our page to see them or just click here for reading people who classified animals and click here for knowing what is binomial system of classifying animals. But another question arises that does the classifications in which a species is put changes? Now if you don't know about that then read this article till the end to know does this all changes, so lets begin.

When classifying animals was at initial stage the man was totally depended on his senses, that's why classifying animals was observation and our observation had limited scope because of our senses. Our senses may device us too. But in this modern era, we have well sophisticated classifying system and better equipment we can classify animals with ease and with more accuracy.

Animal classification (taxonomy is branch of science dealing with it) now uses sophisticated scientific methods to identify relationships between species. 
But id you have read our previous article of people who classified animals, then you know that the method of classifying animals also changes. This means there is a probability that the group in which a species is kept can change. Occasionally, new species are identified.

Now if you didn't understand first read the article in which we talked about peopled who classified animals, and then we also have an example for you.

Until a recent DNA studies were conducted on elephants, it was thought that there were only two species of elephants which are Asian Elephant and African Elephant. But in an recent research of 2010, it was revealed that African Elephants are actually of types. African Bush Elephants and African Forest Elephants. This way there are now three species of elephants.   

So, to conclude lets summarize-

1. At initial stage of taxonomy, man was totally depended on it's senses, but now we use sophisticated scientific system of classifying animals.

2. Ways of classifying animals changed with time, which resulted in changing of groups in which species were placed, this also sometimes result in identifying new species of animals.

3. The classification of an animal can change according to change in system.

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Sanskrit Unseen Passage part 1- कालिदासं

 नमस्कार दोस्तो  आज हम संस्कृत का एक अपठित गद्यन्श (unseen passage)  करेंगे। 

संस्कृत-

संस्कृत-साहित्ये सुप्रसिद्धेषु कविषु कालिदासः श्रेष्ठः अस्ति | पाश्चात्य-जनाः कालिदासं भारतस्य “शेक्सपीयर ' इति कथयन्ति | परं सत्यं तु इदम्‌ अस्ति यद्‌ विश्व-साहित्ये कालिदासः अद्वितीयः अस्ति । तस्य साहित्यं तु सर्वथा अनुपमेयम्‌ । तस्य “अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्‌' नाटकं विश्वसाहित्यस्य  सर्वोतम नाटकम्‌ अस्ति | 

हिंदी अनुवाद-

 संस्कृत साहित्य में प्रसिद्ध कवी कालिदास सर्वश्रेष्ठ है। पश्चीम में लोग कालिदास को भारत का शेक्सपीयर कहते थे। यह सत्य भी था क्युकी विश्व भर के साहित्य में कालिदास का साहित्य अदितीय था। उनका साहित्य बड़ा ही अनुपम था।  उनका '' अभिज्ञान शाकुन्तलं'' नाटक विश्व भर के साहित्य में सर्वश्रेष्ठ नाटकों में है। 

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अभ्यास-

प्रश्न १- एकपदेन उत्तरत-

(एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए)

(क) कः श्रेष्ठः कवी अस्ति? (कौनसे कवी श्रेष्ठ थे?)

उत्तर- कालिदासः। 

(ख) के कलिदासं 'भारतस्य शेक्सपीयर' इति कथयन्ति?

(कालिदास को कौन भारत का शेक्सपीयर कहते थे?)

उत्तर- पाश्चत्य-जनाः। (पश्चिम के लोग)

प्रश्न २- पुर्न्वाक्येन उत्तरत (पूर्ण वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिये)

(क) कालिदासस्य साहित्य कीदृशं अस्ति ?

(कालिदास का साहित्य कैसा था?)

उत्तर- कालिदासस्य साहित्य अनुपमेयं अस्ति। 

(कालिदास का साहित्य अनुपम था। )

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३. निर्देशानुसार उत्तरत (निर्देश के अनुसार उत्तर लिखो) 

(क) 'अस्ति' इति क्रियापाद्स्य कीं कर्तुपदं अत्र प्रयुक्तं ?

('अस्ति' के साथ कौनसा करतुपद का प्रयोग किया गया है?)

1. कलिदसं  2. कालिदासस्य  3. कालिदासः 

उत्तर- 3. कालिदासः।  (संस्कृत-साहित्ये सुप्रसिद्धेषु कविषु कालिदासः श्रेष्ठः अस्ति)

(ख) 'अशेर्ष्ठः' अस्य कीं विलोम्पदं अत्र परयुकतं ?

(अश्रेष्ठ: का विलोम पद इस अनुछेद में कौनसा है?)

1. श्रेष्ठं    2. श्रेठेन   3.श्रेठ:

उत्तर-  3. श्रेष्ठ: (संस्कृत-साहित्ये सुप्रसिद्धेषु कविषु कालिदासः श्रेष्ठः अस्ति|)

(ग)  'तस्य साहित्यं तु सर्वथा अनुपमेयम्‌ |' अस्मिन् कीं अवयाय्पदं प्रयुक्तं?

( 'तस्य साहित्यं तु सर्वथा अनुपमेयम्‌' इसमें कौनसा/कौनसे पद अवयय है)

1. तस्य   2. तु/सर्वथा   3. अनुपमेयं

उत्तर-  2. तु/सर्वथा| (ऐसा इसलिए क्योकि तस्य और अनुपमेयं लिंग या वचन के अनुसार बादाम जाते है| पर तु/सर्वथा हमेशा वही रहते है|) 

(घ) 'नाटकं' अस्य कीं विशेषनपदम अत्र प्रयुक्तं?

('नाटकं' के साथ यहाँ कौनसा विशेषण पद का प्रयोग हुआ है?)

1. सर्वोतामं   2. सर्वोतामः  3. सर्वोतामेन

उत्तर- 2. सर्वोतामः | (तस्य “अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्‌' नाटकं विश्वसाहित्यस्य  सर्वोतम नाटकम्‌ अस्ति | )

पढ़ने के लिए आपका बहुत बहुत dha

Kathiawar Peninsula and Dravidian Languages- Indus Valley Civilization part 6

 So you may have heard about Dravidian Languages, if no? Then no worries ad today we are going to read about Kathiawar Peninsula and Dravidian Languages, now if you haven't read the previous article then click here, and if you haven't read the previous parts of the series then I strongly recommend you to read those by clicking here or visiting the page.

For Kathiawar peninsula you can also check another article by clicking here. It is surrounded by Rann of Kutch in North, in East it is surrounded by Gulf of Cambay, Arabian Sea in Southwest and Gulf of Kutch in the Northwest. 

Dravidian languages, family of some 70 languages spoken primarily in South Asia. The Dravidian languages are spoken by more than 215 million people in India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

The Dravidian languages are divided into South, South-Central, Central, and North groups; these groups are further organized into 24 subgroups. The four major literary languages—Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada—are recognized by the constitution of India. They are also the official languages of the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka (formerly Mysore), respectively.

Dravidian language is a very vast topic so if you want me to cover it out and make a series on it tell in the comments section below.

So lets summarize it-

1. Kathiawar peninsula is located in Gujarat, it is surrounded by Rann of Kutch in North, in East it is surrounded by Gulf of Cambay, Arabian Sea in Southwest and Gulf of Kutch in the Northwest.

2. Dravidian languages are a group of languages spoken in South Asia.

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'How was X-ray invented?' Random Facts part 1

 How many of you have heard about X-ray? Many of you have heard about it may be some of you have seen it too. But do you know how was it invented? If no, the you are at the right place.

So let me give you an introduction on what an X-ray really is. X-ray is a kind of electromagnetic radiation that can travel as fast as light [299.729 kilo metre] and pass through the most substances including wood, tin, foil, books and even concrete blocks, that ordinary light cannot travel. 

It was discovered by German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen.

Roentgen was experimenting with cathode rays, when he noticed the the fluorescent screen had began to glow without any light falling on it. He realized that it was due to an invisible ray. Roentgen called it X-ray because he did not have any idea  what was it. But then his colleague named it Roentgen ray.      

The discovery's of X-ray is revolutionized the physics and medical. As it can make internal structures of the body visible, X-rays are used to detect fractures with  surgery or anything, or it can detect some insects or anything in our body. This made many therapies very easy the detection of fractures and injuries was now easy. 

But there are some harmful side effects of X-ray too. The side effect of X-rays are it can cause biological, chemical and physical changes in the substances. It can damage the living tissues in the plants and animals if it is absorbed by them. In human beings, it can cause cancer, skin burns, a reduction of blood supply, and other serious conditions. 

Today we have a wide range of medical imaging or or techniques to create visual representations of the body. This includes CT [computed tomography] scan, MRI [magnetic resonance imaging] and ultrasound.

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'What does it mean when we say that India is sovereign?' Constitution of India part 9

In the previous article you read that does India have a state religion. If you haven't read this then click here, and if you want to read this whole series then view the page or click here. 

The preamble of Constitution; as you know it is the first page of Constitution, says that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic country. So secular means equal rights to all people, but what is sovereignty? Lets look at this. Fun Fact- India  became secular in 1970s. The 42 Amendment of Constitution of India asserted that India was a secular nation this was enacted in 1976.

India is a sovereign nation, that means that it has the supreme and ultimate power, in short it means the independent authority of State. The Constitution of India says that it's power lies in it's people. Our country has complete independence to choose for  itself. It doesn't succumb to any other external power. This means we can choose our representatives, like we choose our Member of Legislative Assembly or MLA, through an election which is held in a constituency. They choose the further leaders and representatives of our Country and states.

In monarchies the sovereign power lies with the monarch. But since India is a republic so the power lies in its elected representatives. 

So to complete this article let's summarize it-

1. India is a sovereign and secular country.

2. We can choose our leaders and representatives by ourselves.

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Harappa and Mohenjo-daro- Indus Valley Civilization part 5

 As we read in part 3 and part 2 that there are two main cities in the Indus Valley Civilization. They were Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. If you want to read about them then you can either click the blue colored 'part 2' and blue colored 'part 3' in the staring of the article or visit our page on of the article whose name is Indus Valley Civilization.

The Indus civilization is known to have consisted of two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and more than 100 towns and villages, which were often small size when compared to Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It is estimated that originally these were just 1.16 km square in overall dimensions and then they became large in size. 

Their outstanding magnitude suggests political centralization, either in two large states or in a single great empire with alternative capitals, a practice having analogies in Indian history. 

(Analogy= a comparison of two unlike things whose comparison is based on the same aspect.

Eg- Here in this article Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are two unlike thing but they are being compared and told about on the basis of Indus Valley Civilization.)

 It is also possible that Harappa succeeded/won Mohenjo-daro, which is known to have been devastated more than once by exceptional floods. The southern region of the civilization, on the Kathiawar Peninsula and beyond, seems to have originated after the main Indus Valley Civilization (near river Indus, consisting of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa).

The civilization was literate, and its script, with some 250 to 500 characters, has been partly and tentatively deciphered; the language has been indefinitely identified as Dravidian.

So let's conclude the article-

1. Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were the two main cities in Indus Valley Civilization with around 100 more towns and villages.

2. They were  political centralized, either in two large states or in a single great empire with alternative capitals

3. The Kathiawad Peninsula (southern part of Indus Valley Civilization) was originated in the civilization later.

4. The civilization was literate and its script contained 250-500 characters, it is estimated to be an Dravidian language.

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English Vocabulary part 6

Hello friends in this article you are going to read vocabulary of some words, which will help you in competitive exams and in speaking and learning English.

So today's words are- 

1. Numerous

2. Perch

3. Remedies

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1. Numerous

Grammar type- Adjective

Meaning- many

Synonyms- big, copious, diverse, great, infinite, large, legion, multifarious, multitudinal, multitudinous, plentiful, populous, profuse, rife, scads, several, sundry, thick, umpteen, various, voluminous, zillion

Antonyms- deficient, few, lacking, little, miniature, similar, small, tiny, uniform, unimportant

2. Perch-

(1) Grammar type- Noun

Meaning- object placed high for sitting on

Synonyms- branch, landing place, lounge, pole, post, resting place, roost, seat

(2) Grammar type- Verb

Meaning- sit atop of

Synonyms- alight, balance, land, light, rest, roost, set down, settle, sit on, squat, touch down

Antonyms- lower, move.

3. Remedies

(1) Grammar type- Noun

Meaning- cure, solution

Synonyms- antidote, assistance, biologic, corrective, counteractant, counteraction, counteractive, counteragent, countermeasure, counterstep, drug, elixir, fix, improvement, medicament, medicant, medicine, panacea, pharmaceutical, pharmacon, physic, pill, redress, relief, restorative, support, therapy, treatment

Antonyms- damage, disease, harm, hurt, injury, pain, stop

(2)  Grammar type- Verb

Meaning- fix, cure

Synonyms- aid, alleviate, ameliorate, amend, assuage, attend, change, clean up, clean up one's act, control, correct, debug, doctor

Antonyms-aggravate, block, break, damage, get sick, harm, hinder, hurt, ignore, increase, injure, intensify, neglect, obstruct, remain, stay, stop, upset, worsen

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'What is binomial system of scientific names?" Animal World part 11

 Before starting this article read the previous article by clicking here, so people who have read the previous article would obviously have read about Carl Linnaeus who popularized the binomial system of naming organisms. 

So as you may know that the all the animals we know have a separate scientific names. For example humans are called Homo Sapiens. Sometimes, it is hard to recall these names too, as there are millions of species and types of animals on the Earth. However, the knowledge of their scientific names would help us in categorizing the animals according to their similarities and differences. 

The binomial system is the system which is used today for naming the organisms. It is the formal method of naming different species. It is the formal method of naming animals. In binomial system animals are given scientific names with two terms- with a genus name and a specific descriptor.

Genus is the major subdivision in which organisms are classified and the descriptor is the category in which the organisms falls. 

Eg: Homo Sapiens- 'Homo' is the genus referring to animals with large brains and use tools.  

Whereas 'Sapiens' is the category that pertains to modern humans.

Here is a list of some common animals and their scientific names-

1. Dog- Canis Lupus

2. Cat- Felis Catus

3. Horse- Equus caballus

4. Goat- Capra aegagrus hircus

5. Donkey- Equus asinus 

6. Cow- Bos taurus

7. Tiger- Panthera tigris 

8. Lion- Felis leo

9. Indian Elephant- Elephas maximus indicus

So to conclude this let me summarize this article-

1. Binomial system is used to name animals.

2. In binomial system scientific names are given with two term- one genus and other the specific descriptor.

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'Does India have an official language?' Constitution of India part 8

 So, you may know that many countries have a state religion or an official religion. For example Monaco is a Christian country and it's state/official religion is Christian, Thailand is a Buddhist nation and it's state/official religion is Buddhism. So have you ever thought does India have a state or an official religion? If you are searching for this answer then you have visited the correct place.

India is a secular nation, means India doesn't really have a state/official religion. India shows equal respect to all religions. Article 25 of the Constitution guarantees 'Right to Freedom of Religion'. 

This means that any India citizen has a right for changing or choosing his religion. So Indian People are free to choose or practice any religion. People of India belong to different religions including Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam and several other small religions.

So let me conclude it for you-

1. State/official religion of a country is a religion accepted by the country.

2. Indian Constitution in it's Article 25 given 'Right to Freedom of Religion'.

3. That's why in India you can practice any religion of your choice.    

4. That why India is called a secular nation.

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