What is Sea of Tranquility? Random facts part 8

Have you heard about Sea if Tranquility? The landing site of Apollo 11 is called Sea of Tranquility. Apollo 11 was the first manned spaceship (spaceship which has people in it) to land on the Moon in 1969. It is a large basaltic plain that appears as a dark patch on the moon. 

SETI-  Acronym for 'Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence'. It refers the activities undertaken to search for extraterrestrial life. Astronomers use radio telescope to listen for electromagnetic signals that may have been generated by an intelligent beings elsewhere in the Universe. 

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What are open cluster and optical telescope ? Random Facts part 7

Do you know about open cluster and optical telescope? In this article you are going to know about them only, so let's start.

Open cluster is a group of a few thousand stars formed from the same giant molecular cloud. These stars are loosely gravitational bound to each other. More than 1100 open clusters has been discovered in the Milky Way Galaxy. Open clusters appear as faint, blurred patches of the light to the naked eye. But are huge and are several times bigger than Earth.

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An Optical telescope is that gathers and focuses light magnified image of a celestial object. There are mainly three types of telescopes: Refractors which use lenses, Reflectors which use mirrors and Catadioptric which is the mix of Refactors and Reflectors. Galileo generally credited t first use telescope for astronomy.   

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What are Photosphere Random facts part - 6

Do you know which part of Sun gives us energy? If you want to know this, then it's simple you just read the full article.

The bright surface of the Sun is the part that gives us energy for our survival. Its temperature is about about 6000 kelvin (5726.85 Celsius). Earth gets light and heat from the electromagnetic energy radiating from the photosphere. Photosphere is the part f Sun that gives us light and heat. It is the surface of the Sun.

It is made from two words- photos/photo meaning light, and sphere which refers to it's spherical shape.

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'What are Orion and Orion arm' Random facts part 5

Hello friends in this article you are going to read about Orion and Orion arms.

Orion: It is named after a hunter in Greek mythology, Orion is one of the most recognizable constellations in night sky. It contains two of the brightest stars in the sky- Rigel and Betelgeuse. This constellation is also the home to the Orionids which are meteor shower and the orion nebula, one of the brightest nebula seen by naked eye. 

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Orion arm: One of the spiral arms in milky way  Galaxy in which our solar system is located. It is named after Orion constellation.

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What are stem cells? - Random facts part-3

Do you know what are stem cells? Read this article to know what are stem cells, and what is their function.

Stem cells can easily called wizards of our body because they have a peculiar capacity [scientific word meaning to develop] to differentiate  into specialized cell. so these little fellows, if provided, with suitable conditions, can develop into any organ. They are found in bone marrow, blood from which they need to be extracted] and the most recently found source in the umbilical cord. Nowadays, stem cells are also artificial grown under controlled conditions. 

Stem cell technology is a beautifully engineered process, in which new stem cells are introduced into damaged tissues in order to treat the disease or injury. The ability of stem cells to renew themselves and thereby give rise to subsequent generations to, is used replace deceased and damaged areas in the body. The risks of side effects is minimal. 

This technology acts as a saviour in a wide range of issues from brain damage to spinal cord injury. It has emerged as a reasonable treatment for fatal problems of heart damage and the worldwide menace  of cancer. Researchers have successfully transplanted transplanted corneal stem cells into damaged eyes to restore vision. Even sell technology. For diabetic chocolate lovers, insulin producing stem cells would solve there problems.    

This technology will be helpful to us and will change the medical facilities in India and all around the world.

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English Vocabulary part 9- Jumbled words

  Hello friends in this article you are going to read some jumbled word if you know their answers then comment them down and share those with us for more such jumbled word puzzles click here.

islybrk

ncaaesri

nacary

haemptilycal

ngeila

glineder

stmuy

anomcdi

ernumous

erpch

ediremes

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English Vocabulary part 8- Jumbled Words

 Hello friends in this article you are going to read a jumbled word puzzle if you know the answer then comment it down and if you want more such jumbled word articles then click here.

ucnrret

ixetestn

 xetnta

nsitatn

 ccaompagnyin

 ssaociedat

ettandtan

apts

ecprigned

                            

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What are invertebrates? Animal World part 13

 In some of the previous articles (which contained of part 8 and part 9 ) we read about invertebrates, but there wasn't a lot of information regarding to them. But now in this article and next articles, you are going to red about invertebrates in deep. So let's start.

Now if you have ever seen a human skeleton, then you know that it contains backbone, and we humans and other vertebrates (animals with backbone) can't survive long without our backbone. We are able to walk because of backbone. But there are animals which don't have backbone. These are called invertebrates. Of millions of species in this Earth around 97% of them are invertebrates. Common examples of invertebrates are insects, spiders, snails, clams worms and molluscs. 

But body structure of animals in the all Earth is not same. Even though a bear and caterpillar are animals but their body structures are very different.

In animal kingdom, invertebrates are actually the largest group. The total number of invertebrate species are around 30 million. But vertebrates are only around 60,000 to 70,000. Invertebrates include animals both on land and in water. 

Invertebrates have a long history, fossil records show invertebrates existed even 600 million years ago, which is even before dinosaurs. Invertebrates are also the major food source of animals like birds and fishes, you may have seen fishes and birds eating worms and insects. Invertebrates play a major role in life of vertebrates.

Many of the invertebrates work like pests and parasites such as grasshoppers and ladybug.

So lets summarize this article-

1. Invertebrates are animals without any backbone.

2. There is a lot of difference between body structure of vertebrates and invertebrates.

3. Most animal life on the planet is invertebrates, they have 30 million species in them.

So that's it for today guys hope you enjoyed, if yes then show your support by sharing this article with your friends.

English vocabulary part 7

Hello friends in this article you are going to read some more words with their vocabulary. If you want to read more of these then check the page.

Today's words are- 

1. Bustling

2. Clause

3. Coarse

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1. Bustling-

Grammar type-  Verb

Meaning- move around quickly, busily

Synonyms- bestir, dash, dust, flit, flutter, fuss, hasten, hum, hurry, hustle, run, rush, scamper, scramble, scurry, scuttle, stir, tear, whirl, whisk

Antonyms- dally, delay, procrastinate, rest, slow, wait

2. Clause

Grammar type- Noun

Meaning- provision in document

Synonyms-  article, catch, chapter, codicil, condition, fine print, heading, item, joker, kicker, limitation, paragraph, part, passage, point, provision, proviso, requirement, rider, section, small print, specification, stipulation, string attached to something, ultimatum

Antonyms- whole

3. Coarse

Grammar type- Adjective

Meaning- rough or not fine

Synonyms- base, bawdy, blue, boorish, brutish, cheap, common, crass, crude, dirty, earthy, filthy, foul, foul-mouthed, gross, gruff, immodest, impolite, improper, impure, incult, indelicate, inelegant, loutish, low, lowbred, lowdown and dirty, mean, nasty, obscene, off-color, offensive, raffish, raunchy, raw, ribald, rough, roughneck, rude, scatological, smutty, tacky, uncivil, uncouth, uncultivated, uncultured, unrefined, happed, coarse-grained, crude, grainy, granular, harsh, homespun, impure, inferior, loose, lumpy, mediocre, particulate, poor quality, rough-hewn, rugged.

Antonyms- chaste, clean, decent, delicate, gentle, happy, kind, moral, nice, pleasant, polished, polite, pure, refined, smooth, soft, sophisticated, upright.

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Do Animal Classification change? Animal Word part 12

 We have made articles on binomial system of classifying animals and people who were first to classify animals in their own way if you haven't read those then visit our page to see them or just click here for reading people who classified animals and click here for knowing what is binomial system of classifying animals. But another question arises that does the classifications in which a species is put changes? Now if you don't know about that then read this article till the end to know does this all changes, so lets begin.

When classifying animals was at initial stage the man was totally depended on his senses, that's why classifying animals was observation and our observation had limited scope because of our senses. Our senses may device us too. But in this modern era, we have well sophisticated classifying system and better equipment we can classify animals with ease and with more accuracy.

Animal classification (taxonomy is branch of science dealing with it) now uses sophisticated scientific methods to identify relationships between species. 
But id you have read our previous article of people who classified animals, then you know that the method of classifying animals also changes. This means there is a probability that the group in which a species is kept can change. Occasionally, new species are identified.

Now if you didn't understand first read the article in which we talked about peopled who classified animals, and then we also have an example for you.

Until a recent DNA studies were conducted on elephants, it was thought that there were only two species of elephants which are Asian Elephant and African Elephant. But in an recent research of 2010, it was revealed that African Elephants are actually of types. African Bush Elephants and African Forest Elephants. This way there are now three species of elephants.   

So, to conclude lets summarize-

1. At initial stage of taxonomy, man was totally depended on it's senses, but now we use sophisticated scientific system of classifying animals.

2. Ways of classifying animals changed with time, which resulted in changing of groups in which species were placed, this also sometimes result in identifying new species of animals.

3. The classification of an animal can change according to change in system.

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'How was X-ray invented?' Random Facts part 1

 How many of you have heard about X-ray? Many of you have heard about it may be some of you have seen it too. But do you know how was it invented? If no, the you are at the right place.

So let me give you an introduction on what an X-ray really is. X-ray is a kind of electromagnetic radiation that can travel as fast as light [299.729 kilo metre] and pass through the most substances including wood, tin, foil, books and even concrete blocks, that ordinary light cannot travel. 

It was discovered by German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen.

Roentgen was experimenting with cathode rays, when he noticed the the fluorescent screen had began to glow without any light falling on it. He realized that it was due to an invisible ray. Roentgen called it X-ray because he did not have any idea  what was it. But then his colleague named it Roentgen ray.      

The discovery's of X-ray is revolutionized the physics and medical. As it can make internal structures of the body visible, X-rays are used to detect fractures with  surgery or anything, or it can detect some insects or anything in our body. This made many therapies very easy the detection of fractures and injuries was now easy. 

But there are some harmful side effects of X-ray too. The side effect of X-rays are it can cause biological, chemical and physical changes in the substances. It can damage the living tissues in the plants and animals if it is absorbed by them. In human beings, it can cause cancer, skin burns, a reduction of blood supply, and other serious conditions. 

Today we have a wide range of medical imaging or or techniques to create visual representations of the body. This includes CT [computed tomography] scan, MRI [magnetic resonance imaging] and ultrasound.

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English Vocabulary part 6

Hello friends in this article you are going to read vocabulary of some words, which will help you in competitive exams and in speaking and learning English.

So today's words are- 

1. Numerous

2. Perch

3. Remedies

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1. Numerous

Grammar type- Adjective

Meaning- many

Synonyms- big, copious, diverse, great, infinite, large, legion, multifarious, multitudinal, multitudinous, plentiful, populous, profuse, rife, scads, several, sundry, thick, umpteen, various, voluminous, zillion

Antonyms- deficient, few, lacking, little, miniature, similar, small, tiny, uniform, unimportant

2. Perch-

(1) Grammar type- Noun

Meaning- object placed high for sitting on

Synonyms- branch, landing place, lounge, pole, post, resting place, roost, seat

(2) Grammar type- Verb

Meaning- sit atop of

Synonyms- alight, balance, land, light, rest, roost, set down, settle, sit on, squat, touch down

Antonyms- lower, move.

3. Remedies

(1) Grammar type- Noun

Meaning- cure, solution

Synonyms- antidote, assistance, biologic, corrective, counteractant, counteraction, counteractive, counteragent, countermeasure, counterstep, drug, elixir, fix, improvement, medicament, medicant, medicine, panacea, pharmaceutical, pharmacon, physic, pill, redress, relief, restorative, support, therapy, treatment

Antonyms- damage, disease, harm, hurt, injury, pain, stop

(2)  Grammar type- Verb

Meaning- fix, cure

Synonyms- aid, alleviate, ameliorate, amend, assuage, attend, change, clean up, clean up one's act, control, correct, debug, doctor

Antonyms-aggravate, block, break, damage, get sick, harm, hinder, hurt, ignore, increase, injure, intensify, neglect, obstruct, remain, stay, stop, upset, worsen

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'What is binomial system of scientific names?" Animal World part 11

 Before starting this article read the previous article by clicking here, so people who have read the previous article would obviously have read about Carl Linnaeus who popularized the binomial system of naming organisms. 

So as you may know that the all the animals we know have a separate scientific names. For example humans are called Homo Sapiens. Sometimes, it is hard to recall these names too, as there are millions of species and types of animals on the Earth. However, the knowledge of their scientific names would help us in categorizing the animals according to their similarities and differences. 

The binomial system is the system which is used today for naming the organisms. It is the formal method of naming different species. It is the formal method of naming animals. In binomial system animals are given scientific names with two terms- with a genus name and a specific descriptor.

Genus is the major subdivision in which organisms are classified and the descriptor is the category in which the organisms falls. 

Eg: Homo Sapiens- 'Homo' is the genus referring to animals with large brains and use tools.  

Whereas 'Sapiens' is the category that pertains to modern humans.

Here is a list of some common animals and their scientific names-

1. Dog- Canis Lupus

2. Cat- Felis Catus

3. Horse- Equus caballus

4. Goat- Capra aegagrus hircus

5. Donkey- Equus asinus 

6. Cow- Bos taurus

7. Tiger- Panthera tigris 

8. Lion- Felis leo

9. Indian Elephant- Elephas maximus indicus

So to conclude this let me summarize this article-

1. Binomial system is used to name animals.

2. In binomial system scientific names are given with two term- one genus and other the specific descriptor.

So I hope you liked the article , if yes then share this article and read the previous parts if you haven't read those.

'Does India have an official language?' Constitution of India part 8

 So, you may know that many countries have a state religion or an official religion. For example Monaco is a Christian country and it's state/official religion is Christian, Thailand is a Buddhist nation and it's state/official religion is Buddhism. So have you ever thought does India have a state or an official religion? If you are searching for this answer then you have visited the correct place.

India is a secular nation, means India doesn't really have a state/official religion. India shows equal respect to all religions. Article 25 of the Constitution guarantees 'Right to Freedom of Religion'. 

This means that any India citizen has a right for changing or choosing his religion. So Indian People are free to choose or practice any religion. People of India belong to different religions including Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam and several other small religions.

So let me conclude it for you-

1. State/official religion of a country is a religion accepted by the country.

2. Indian Constitution in it's Article 25 given 'Right to Freedom of Religion'.

3. That's why in India you can practice any religion of your choice.    

4. That why India is called a secular nation.

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English Vocabulary part 5

Hello friends in this article you are going to read some English words and their vocabulary.

Today's words are-

1. Musty

2. Nomadic

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1. Musty

Grammar type- 1) Adjective

                            2) Adjective

Meaning- 1) Dirty, stuffy

                  2) worn-out

Synonyms- airless, ancient, antediluvian, antique, crumbling, dank, decayed, decrepit, dirty, dried-out, dry, fetid, filthy, frowzy, malodorous, mildewed, mildew, moldy, moth-eaten, noisome, old, putrid, rotten, smelly, spoiled, squalid, stale, stuffy.

Antonyms- clean, clear, current, fresh, modern, new, perfumed, sweet, sweet-smelling, unused, young.

2. Nomadic

Grammar type- Adjective

Meaning- Moving/mobile

Synonyms- drifting, gypsy, itinerate, migrant, migratory, pastoral, perambulant, perambulatory, peripatetic, roaming, roving, traveling, vagabond, vagrant, wandering, wayfaring.

Antonyms- native, settled

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Who classified animals first? - Animal World part 10

So, we read in previous articles that why and how are animals classified. if you haven't read those article click here. 

So, now we know 'why are animals classified?', 'how are animals classified?' 

But do you know first people who classified animals? Now in this article you are going to read about people who first classified animals and the different ways they did their classification.

After the language came into existence people named animals differently in different languages. Our scientific temper had triggered us to order and categorize living and non-living things for understanding and studying them easily. We observed, named and compared animals and plants.

So our first contestant  in classification list is from Ancient Greece, he was an philosopher ad the first known man to classify animals, and he is Aristotle. He classified animals according to their various characteristics. 

Eg- 1. Do they lay eggs or give birth to young ones.

2. Are they warm blooded or cold blooded.

The second contestant is the writer of book which is considered as the first encyclopedia. The Roman Naturalist who was the writer of Naturalis Historia (first considered encyclopedia) and he is Pliny the Elder. He did research in 1st century AD, he died in 79 AD.

Then we find our next contestant in 17th century AD. The English naturalist John Ray published works on botany and zoology. He classified animals on the basis of the similarities he observed, and he was the first person who gave the scientific definition to the word 'Species'.

So, these were all people who were famous for classifying animals, but their systems are not very  systematic. So our last contestant of this list is from 18th Century, he is known as the father of modern taxonomy. He is Carl Linnaeus a Swedish botanist. He popularized the binomial naming system and introduced the used of kingdoms, orders, classes, genera and species. This system of Linnaeus is still used today.

So I hope you liked the article make sure that you share this article and at last thanks for watching.

"Was our Constitution effected by Constitutions of other countries?" Constitution of India part-7

So, you may have heard or read somewhere that Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had knowledge of over 50 Constitutions around the world. That's true that he had knowledge of many Constitutions that's why he was appointed as Chairman of Constitution Drafting Committee. So, lets know about this in detail and let's start.

As you read above that Dr. Ambedkar had knowledge of many Constitution, it is not wrong to say that Constitutions of other countries have played an important role in the making of Indian Constitution. It took best parts from some the other Constitutions. 

The system of government is borrowed from Britain. The Indian legislative system is based on British system of governance.The Directive Principles of State Policy and method for election of President is borrowed from Ireland.

The Fundamental rights are borrowed from U.S., our judiciary id independent, just like it is in the US. The rules regarding governance during emergencies are taken from Germany.

The concept of Republic comes from France. The ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity are too borrowed from France. Appointment of Governor at states and Advisory jurisdiction are borrowed from Canada. 

But the list does't end here there are lot of things. But tell do you know some other rules which are burrowed from any other Constitution. Share this article for more such informative articles.

Indus Valley Civilization part-3 - Mohenjo-daro

 Hello friends in this article you are going to read about Mohenjo-daro

 Mohenjo-daro group of mounds and ruins on the right bank of the Indus River, northern Sindh province, southern Pakistan. It lies on the flat alluvial plain of the Indus, about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Sukkur. The site contains the remnants of one of two main centers of the ancient Indus civilization (c. 2500–1700 BCE), the other one being Harappa, some 400 miles (640 km) to the northwest in Pakistan’s Punjab province.

 The name Mohenjo-daro signifies “the mound of the dead.” The archaeological importance of the site was first recognized in 1922, one year after the discovery of Harappa, which we talked about in previous article of this series.

 Subsequent excavations revealed that the mounds contain the remains of what was once the largest city of the Indus civilization. Because of the city’s size—about 3 miles (5 km) in circuit—and the comparative richness of its monuments and their contents, it has been generally regarded as a capital of an extensive state. Its relationship with Harappa, however, is uncertain—i.e., if the two cities were simultaneous centers or if one city succeeded the other. Mohenjo-daro was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.

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"What is purpose of classifying animals?" Animal World part 9

Before an exam you have to revise everything, or sometimes you read everything again, you can't read each and everything which is coming in your exams quickly. So, you divide it in subjects and subjects in chapters and chapter are divided into topics. Like this we can easily study and revise everything easily. 

In the same way ordering and classifying animals makes it very each to study them. Animal classification is the process of identifying, naming and organizing animal species. So, as there is a branch of science for each thing, for this (animal classification) the branch of science is called 'taxonomy'.

Animals; as we read in this previous article, can be broadly classified in two categories- Vertebrates which have backbone and Invertebrates which don't have backbone. So, there are around 8 million species in Kingdom Animalia (Animal Kingdom) in which most are invertebrates. Now my question to you people is that how many percent of animals are invertebrates (I mentioned this in the previous part).

Each organism is classified into Kingdom, class, order, family, genus and species. So, if I ask you how many kingdoms are there in all? What would you answer? There are five kingdoms in all. In which Animal and Plant Kingdoms are main, and out of them we are only studying about Animal Kingdom, but after we finish Animal World we will study more about plants.

So now let me give you information about all kingdoms-

1. Animalia Kingdom- This includes animals

2. Plantae Kingdom- This includes plants

3. Protista Kingdom- This includes single-celled organisms

4. Fungi Kingdom- This includes yeast, moulds, mushroom, etc.

5. Monera Kingdom- This includes Bacteria.

For some scientists there are these five kingdoms, and they include Arechaea and Bacteria in Monera kingdom only. But for some scientists they include Arechaea as a different kingdom. 

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Indus Valley Civilization part 2- Harappa

 Hello friends in this article you will read about Harappa.

Harappa, village in eastern Punjab province, eastern Pakistan. It lies on the left bank of a now dry course of the Ravi River, west-southwest of the city of Sahiwal, about 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Lahore.

The village stands on an extensive series of mounds in which excavations since 1921 have disclosed the remains of a large city of the Indus civilization, in size second only to Mohenjo-daro, which lies about 644 km to the southwest. The English archaeologist Sir John Hubert Marshall initiated and directed the original excavations at the site beginning in 1921. His findings pushed back knowledge of Indian prehistory to about 2500 BCE.

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